Caste Census in India

Published Date : May 29, 2025

The demand for a caste-based census in India has gained significant traction in recent years. While India conducts a general population census every decade, a detailed caste enumeration—especially for communities other than Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)—has not been carried out since 1931.

1. What is a Caste Census?

A caste census refers to the process of collecting data on various caste groups across the country. While India officially collects data on SCs and STs, it does not record Other Backward Classes (OBCs) and general category breakdowns during the decennial population census.

2. Why is it Important?

• Social Justice: It helps in understanding the socio-economic conditions of different caste groups, especially marginalized communities.
• Policy Planning: Accurate data can lead to better policy formulation and targeted welfare schemes.
• Reservation: Data will support or challenge existing caste-based reservation structures in education, jobs, and politics.

3. Political Debates & State-Level Initiatives

States like Bihar have conducted their own caste surveys independently, claiming the data is crucial for fair distribution of resources. However, the central government has been reluctant, citing administrative challenges and potential misuse of data.

4. Arguments For and Against

• For: Enhances transparency, helps uplift backward communities, ensures equitable allocation of benefits.
• Against: May increase caste divisions, raise political tensions, and complicate governance.

5. Recent Developments

In 2023 and 2024, debates around caste census intensified, especially with regional parties pushing for it ahead of the Lok Sabha elections. The Supreme Court has also examined the legality and feasibility of such exercises at the state level.

Conclusion

As India continues to grapple with questions of equity, social justice, and inclusive development, the caste census remains a contentious but crucial tool. Whether it becomes a national policy or remains state-specific will depend on future political will and consensus.

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