Indus Water Treaty

Published Date : May 29, 2025

Background

Signed in 1960 under the mediation of the World Bank, the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) is a landmark agreement between India and Pakistan for the sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries. The treaty allocates the three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India and the three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan, allowing both nations to use the waters for agriculture and energy under specific terms.

Provisions and Implementation

The treaty includes a Permanent Indus Commission to facilitate cooperation and information exchange. It also allows India limited use of western rivers for hydroelectric projects, provided they do not restrict Pakistan’s water flow significantly.

Rising Tensions and Recent Developments

In recent years, particularly after terror attacks linked to Pakistan-based groups, India has threatened to review or revoke the treaty. Following the 2025 Pahalgam attack, India halted meetings under the Indus Commission and suspended data-sharing obligations. Experts warn this signals a shift in India’s posture from diplomatic patience to strategic leverage.

Pakistan's Stance

Pakistan has accused India of weaponizing water and violating the treaty. Islamabad appealed to the World Bank to intervene, especially concerning projects like Kishanganga and Ratle dams. Pakistan sees the treaty as critical to its agriculture and economy.

World Bank & International Mediation

The World Bank has maintained a neutral stance but has urged both countries to resolve disputes through dialogue. Attempts to convene meetings in 2024 failed due to deteriorating bilateral relations.

Future Outlook

Analysts believe the treaty is under its most severe stress since inception. While abrogation remains unlikely due to global pressure, India’s assertive posture may redefine the agreement's implementation in coming years, particularly if terrorism remains unaddressed.

Conclusion

The Indus Water Treaty has survived wars and decades of hostility, but its resilience is now being tested by geopolitics, climate change, and nationalism. The coming months will reveal whether diplomacy or disruption prevails.

See also: Pahalgam Terror Attack for recent events affecting Indo-Pak relations.